UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA



Detail Article

Indonesian Journal of Clinical Pathology and Medical Laboratory

ISSN 0854-4263

Vol. 18 / No. 1 / Published : 2011-01

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Original Article :

Human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in babies and children

Author :

  1. Johanis*1
  2. Endang Retnowati*2
  1. Bag PK FK-UNAIR/RSU Dr. Soetomo Surabaya
  2. Bag PK FK-UNAIR/RSU Dr. Soetomo Surabaya

Abstract :

HIV is an obligate intracellular RNA virus which fully replicates in the host cells notably express CD4+ receptor, such as CD4+ T-lymphocytes, astrocytes, microglias, monocyte-macrophages, Langerhans cells, dendritic cells. There are two types of HIV: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-2 is less pathogenic and less contribution in children. In the developing countries the total number children with HIV increased higher than in the developed countries. HIV infection in children is more common in children who have HIV infected mothers, they are mostly transmitted during the laboring process. Breast milk from HIV infected mothers is a potential transmission media, there fore HIV infected mothers is not admitted giving breast milk to their babies. The risk factors of mother-child transmissions of HIV infection are: virus, maternal, obstetric, fetal and baby. Maternal HIV antibodies in child’s circulation cause the diagnosis of HIV in children difficult. There fore an accurate and fast diagnosis  is needed to decrease the disease progressivity in children as well as by proper antiretroviral treatment. There are suggestion reference for diagnosis tests for HIV infection in babies and children < 18 months by virology test using HIV-DNA PCR and HIV-RNA PCR.  The diagnosis test for children ≥ 18 is HIV antibody test the same such as in adult. In HIV infected babies and children is used CD4+ T-lymphocytes percentage to monitor the disease progressivity.     HIV merupakan virus RNA obligat di dalam sel dengan tiruan lengkap di dalam sel inang (host) terutama di dalam sel yang menggambarkan penerima CD4+, seperti: limfosit T-CD4+, astrosit, mikroglia, monosit-makrofag, limfosit, sel Langerhan, dendritik. HIV terdiri dari dua jenis yaitu HIV-1 dan HIV-2. HIV-2 kurang patogen dan kurang memberikan sumbangan jangkitan di anak. Jumlah penderita HIV anak menunjukkan peningkatan di negara berkembang dibandingkan dengan negara maju. Umumnya infeksi HIV di anak melalui ibu yang terinfeksi HIV dan saat penularan paling sering waktu ia bersalin. Pemberian ASI juga merupakan cara menularkan yang cukup ampuh, karena itu ibu yang mengidap HIV sebaiknya tidak memberikan ASI. Faktor yang menyebabkan kebahayaan penularan dari ibu ke anak tinggi adalah faktor: virus, ibu, kelahiran dan gangguannya (obstetrik), janin dan bayi. Keberadaan antibodi HIV ibu dalam peredaran darah anak menyebabkan diagnosis HIV di anak sulit. Diagnosis yang teliti dan cepat untuk mengurangi keparahan penyakit di anak melalui pengobatan antiretrovirus. Pemeriksaan rujukan untuk diagnosis infeksi  HIV di bayi dan anak usia < 18 bulan adalah pemeriksaan virologis dengan metode PCR HIV-DNA atau PCR HIV-RNA. Untuk anak ≥ 18 bulan menggunakan pedoman pemeriksaan antibodi seperti orang dewasa. Penurunan jumlah mutlak limfosit T-CD4+ menunjukkan derajat supresi imun yang disesuaikan dengan usia anak, tetapi perhitungan secara persentase limfosit T-CD4+ tidak perlu disesuaikan dengan usia anak. Persentase limfosit T-CD4+ digunakan untuk memantau keparahan penyakit.

Keyword :

HIV, HIV infection in babies and children,


References :

UNAIDS,(2010) Global Report: UNAIDS Report on The Global AIDS epidemic 2010 Geneva : WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Nasronudin,(2007) HIV & AIDS Pendekatan Biologi Molekuler, Klinis, dan Sosial Surabaya : Airlangga University Press

3. Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) High Level Global Partners Forum, Call to Acti,(2005) Elimination of HIV infection in infants and children USA : High Level Global Partners Forum

Read J.S,(2007) Diagnosis of HIV-1 Infection in Children Younger Than 18 Months in the United States USA : Pediatrics

UNAIDS,(2008) UNAIDS POLICY BRIEF: Criminalization of HIV Transmission USA : www.unaids.org





Archive Article

Cover Media Content

Volume : 18 / No. : 1 / Pub. : 2011-01
  1. Aerob Microbes Pattern And Antimicrobial Sensitivity Of Diabetic Foot Ulcer
  2. Plasma Levels Of Interleukin 10 (il-10) In Malaria And Anaemia
  3. Identification Of Cryptosporidiosis In Paediatric Hiv-infected Patients With Chronic Diarrhoea At Paediatric Gastro
  4. Immunoglobulin A In Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
  5. (comparison Of Determination For Thyroxine With Enzyme Linked Immunofluorescent Assay (elfa) And Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (elisa)}
  6. Plasma Interleukin-10 And Cd4+ Lymphocyte-t In Hiv Infected Patients
  7. Detecting Fluoroquinolone Resistance Of Salmonella Sp Using Nalidixic Acid Succeptibility Test
  8. Phyllanthus Niruri L The Effects Of Extract On Cellular Immunity Mice
  9. Fitoestrogen Dalam Beberapa Daun Dan Buah
  10. Diagnostic Test Nt Pro Natriuretic Peptide (ntprobnp) On Congestive Heart Failure
  11. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (hiv) Infection In Babies And Children
  12. Decompensated Cirrhosis Hepatic In Children
  13. Human Resources Management In The Clinical Laboratory

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