UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA



Detail Article

Folia Medica Indonesiana

ISSN 0303-7932

Vol. 44 / No. 4 / Published : 2008-10

Order : 13, and page :293 - 299

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Original Article :

Review article and clinical experience: astaxanthin – oxidative stress – diabetes mellitus from basics to clinics and from general to specific

Author :

  1. Askandar Tjokroprawiro*1
  1. Diabetes and Nutrition Centre, Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital, Airlangga University School of Medicine

Abstract :

Astaxanthin, whose the Haematococcus pluvalis as its richest source, is the strongest and the safest carotenoid without any pro-oxidant nature like ß-carotene, lycopene, zeaxanthin, and lutein. Astaxanthin has 550 times powerful than vitamin E and 40 times than ß-carotene as a singlet oxygen quencher, and 1000 times powerful than vitamin E against lipid perioxidation. It has superior position in cell membrane and shows 3 important triple effects: anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, and immuno-modulator properties. Astaxanthin inhibits inflammatory gene expression by suppressing NF-kB activation, protects cells from oxidative stress, and then improvement of ß-cell function, insulin sensitivity and vascular complications (CVDs, etc), suppresses LDL-oxidation and may inhibit lipid peroxidation, and modulates endothelial NO system. In eye health, Astaxanthin reduces ciliary muscle strain during eye fatigue, and this may improve visual activity. Due to its strong antioxidant effects, astaxanthin may be of great important to reduce the risk for the development of ARMD. Due to its effect to quench free radicals and to lower lactic acid, astaxanthin enhances muscle endurance and physical fitness. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infected mice with astaxanthin reduces gastric inflammation, bacterial load, and modulates cytokines release by splenocytes: a switch from a Th1-response to a mixed Th1/Th2 response during infection. Such an event is: a shift of the T-lymphocyte response from a predominant. Th1-response dominated by IFN-gamma is shifted toTh1/ Th2-response with IFN-gamma and IL-4. Treatment of H. pylori infected mice with astaxanthin decrease gastric inflammation, and bacterial load, and modulates cytokine release by splenocytes. Astaxanthin supplementation of men decreases lipid peroxidation (decreased 15 hydroxy fatty acid). Astaxanthin and a-tocopherol improve plaque stability by decreasing macrophage infiltration and apoptosis. Astaxanthin and vitamin C prevent gastric ulcerations in stressed rats. The role of antioxidant (Astaxanthin?) in carcinogenesis and chemoprevention in gastric cancer associated with H. pylori has been speculated. The intestinal absorption of astaxanthin delivered as capsules (4 mg bid) for 3 months is adequate and well tolerated, and decreases lipid peroxidation in healthy men  

Keyword :

astaxanthin, carotenoid, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, immuno-modulator,


References :

McVean, M, Kramer-Stickland, K, Liebler, DC,(1999) Oxidants and antioxidants in ultraviolet-induced nonmelanoma skin cancer, in AM Papas (ed), Antioxidant Status, Diet, Nutrition, and Health Boca Raton FL : CRC Press

Trevithick, J and Mitton, K,(1999) Antioxidant disease of the eye, in AM Papas (ed), Antioxidant status, Diet, Nutrition, and Health Boca Raton : CRC Press

Ames, BN, Shigenaga, MK, Hagen, TM,(1993) Oxidants, antioxidants and the degenerative disease of aging : Proc Natl Acad Sci





Archive Article

Cover Media Content

Volume : 44 / No. : 4 / Pub. : 2008-10
  1. Genetic Variation Of G6pd And Adaptive Phenomena In Malarial Infection
  2. Molecular Analysis Of The Coding Sequence Of Mage-1 Gene From Hepatocelular Carcinoma Patient And Testis
  3. Potential Value Of C-reactive Protein As Inflammation Marker And Il-1β, Tnf- As Pro-inflammatory Cytokine On Disease Activity Of Rheumatoid Arthritis
  4. Cell Surface Her2/neu Oncoprotein Expression In Breast Ductal Carcinoma
  5. Difference In The Productivity Of B-lymphocyte Isolated From Lymph Nodes And That Isolated From Mice Spleen In The Production Of Toxocara Cati Monoclonal Antibody Using Hybridoma Technology
  6. Exploration In The Use Of Medicinal Plant Acanthus Ilicifolius L In The Treatment Of Endothelial Dysfunction
  7. Detection Of M. Tuberculosis And Drug Sensitivity Test From Sputum Culture Of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients In Dr Soetomo General Hospital Between 2003-2004
  8. The Pharmacokenetics Of Levofloxacin In Healthy Rabbit Treated With Antacid
  9. Potency Of Lactobacillus Reuteri On Reduced Inflammation In Septic Encephalopathy
  10. Pharmacokinetic Parameters Determination Of A Single 500-mg Oral Dose Of Levofloxacin In Healthy Subjects By Using Blood Data
  11. Encephalopathy And Neuroendocrine Disorder In Septic Shock
  12. Osteoarthritic Pain Treatment With Electroacupuncture
  13. Review Article And Clinical Experience: Astaxanthin – Oxidative Stress – Diabetes Mellitus From Basics To Clinics And From General To Specific

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